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See also: Magnetosphere of Jupiter §Aurorae Jupiter aurora; the far left bright spot connects magnetically to Io; the spots at the bottom of the image lead to Ganymede and Europa. An aurora high above the northern part of Saturn; image taken by the Cassini spacecraft. A movie shows images from 81 hours of observations of Saturn's aurora. Norrsken history". Irf.se. 12 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011. Adam Roberts for The Guardian: " Aurora is a magnificent piece of writing, certainly Robinson’s best novel since his mighty Mars trilogy, perhaps his best ever." The Gods We Can Touch is a highly intimate book, taking readers on a journey to the very heart of Aurora’s world, through her creative process and the inspiration for her acclaimed third studio album. This full-color reproduction of Aurora’s personal notebook also features all the song lyrics from the album, original album artwork and stunning photography.
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner. [73] Such events led to the general conclusion that Electrons mainly responsible for diffuse and pulsating auroras have, in contrast, a smoothly falling energy distribution, and an angular (pitch-angle) distribution favouring directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Pulsations were discovered to originate at or close to the equatorial crossing point of auroral zone magnetic field lines. [50] Protons are also associated with auroras, both discrete and diffuse. Ship musings as it approaches Sol. Gravity-assisted deceleration. Separation of pods, last attempt at deceleration. O'Neill, Ian (29 July 2015). "Monstrous Aurora Detected Beyond our Solar System". Discovery . Retrieved 29 July 2015.When we last saw Squad 312, they were working together seamlessly (aka, freaking out) as an intergalactic battle raged and an ancient superweapon threatened to obliterate Earth. Everything went horribly wrong, naturally. Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?" Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields that are stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both gas planets, most clearly using the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft, as well as on Uranus and Neptune. [95] This is something my editor, Tim Holman, has been pointing out to me; that these three books will make a kind of extended argument or case." Robinson’s latest well-researched novel exposes the fundamental flaws in one of science fiction’s most beloved tropes: the multigenerational space ark traveling at sub–light speed to colonize a planet around a distant star.
The earliest depiction of the aurora may have been a Cro-Magnon cave painting dated to 30,000 BC. [80] This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitudes oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/purple/red, then finally nitrogen blue/purple/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common color. Then comes pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, then yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue. Acceleration of auroral charged particles invariably accompanies a magnetospheric disturbance that causes an aurora. This mechanism, which is believed to predominantly arise from strong electric fields along the magnetic field or wave-particle interactions, raises the velocity of a particle in the direction of the guiding magnetic field. The pitch angle is thereby decreased and increases the chance of it being precipitated into the atmosphere. Both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves, produced at the time of greater geomagnetic disturbances, make a significant contribution to the energizing processes that sustain an aurora. Particle acceleration provides a complex intermediate process for transferring energy from the solar wind indirectly into the atmosphere. In the case of diffuse auroras, the electron pitch angles are altered by their interaction with various plasma waves. Each interaction is essentially wave-particle scattering; the electron energy after interacting with the wave is similar to its energy before interaction, but the direction of motion is altered. If the final direction of motion after scattering is close to the field line (specifically, if it falls within the loss cone) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting the atmosphere. The process is mediated by the plasma waves, which become stronger during periods of high geomagnetic activity, leading to increased diffuse aurora at those times. In 1778, Benjamin Franklin theorized in his paper Aurora Borealis, Suppositions and Conjectures towards forming an Hypothesis for its Explanation that an aurora was caused by a concentration of electrical charge in the polar regions intensified by the snow and moisture in the air: [88] [89] [90]
Bryant, D. A.; Collin, H. L.; Courtier, G. M.; Johnstone, A. D. (1967). "Evidence for Velocity Dispersion in Auroral Electrons". Nature. 215 (5096): 45. Bibcode: 1967Natur.215...45B. doi: 10.1038/215045a0. S2CID 4173665. Images [ edit ] Video of the complete aurora australis by IMAGE, superimposed over a digital image of Earth
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